The Hill Tribe people of Thailand
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The Karen - (Pronounced: Galeon) (Part I)

The Karen, who call themselves Pwakin-nyaw and who are known as Kariang to ethnic Thais, are one of the largest hilltribes in Southeast Asia with a total population of about three million spread throughout Burma, Laos and Thailand. There are an estimated 320,000 Karen in Thailand alone, which makes up half of the total hilltribe population in Thai territory.
Traditionally the Karen live at lower elevations than the other hilltribes and although they still practice slash and burn, unlike many hilltribes they live in permanent villages and have been aggressive in developing environmentally sustainable terraced rice fields. These factors have allowed the Karen to become much more integrated members of Thai society. The Karens living at lower elevations almost universally have Thai citizenship which has allowed them to buy land and to have access to free secondary education, luxuries other hilltribes do not yet have.
Much of the Karen population in Thailand and Burma is Christian and has been for multiple generations. Christian Karens are very strong in their beliefs.
Among hilltribes in Thailand, the Karen have a distinct advantage. The size of the Karen population and their unification in their religion allow them to adapt while still retaining their cultural identity.
The background and history of the Karen tribe

The Karen come from a diverse ethnic mix with many different languages and religions. In the past, the Karen worshipped their ancestors. They believed in the trees and the big forests. As time went on, most Karen groups either adopted Buddhism or Christianity. The Karen originate from Burma but emigrated in large numbers to Thailand as a result of war. Many Karen continued to migrate to Thailand even after the war. The Karen of Thailand can be divided into 4 groups: the Sgaw, which refer to themselves as
Pagayor, meaning “human.” The Sgor are the largest of the four groups and have their own written language, which was created by Christian missionaries.
It combines both Roman and Burmese characters. Most members of the Sgaw faction have become Christian. The Pro are quite strict in their adherance to traditional ways and customs and can be found in greatest number in Amphur Mae Sa Riang in Mae Hong Son province, Amphur Om Gauy in Chiang Mai province, and the Western border of Thailand. The Ba-way can be found in Amphur Khun Yuan in Mae Hong Son province. As for the Pa Aw, also known as the Tong Su, they exist in Thailand in only small numbers.
The Pagayor keep their history alive in the form of hundreds of stories and tales passed on from generation to generation. Although they may not be substantive evidence for historians, they do help preserve and pass on the essence of what it means to be Karen, e.g. their ethnic origins, customs and traditions. It is said these stories have been told since God created the earth. It was God that created humans. It was God that created the first couple: Adam and Eve. The couple lived together in the garden of Eden, which God had created for them. Adam and Eve disobeyed the law of heaven, however, and were thus banished to Earth where they and their children and their children's children were to live out their sentence. This brings us to the present day.


According to legend, the Karen originate from a mountain by the name of
Tawtee bplawgaw. The village leader went by the name of
Taw mae bpa. His children and grandchildren propagated and prospered to the point they were so great in number the land on the mountain was not sufficient to feed everyone. Taw mae bpa thus decided it was time to move the village.
It is said that during the journey Taw mae bpa walked very quickly, determined to reach his destination. When his children wanted to stop and rest he ignored them, walking on. By the time he finally stopped to turn around, he found that his troupe had broken up into little bands; some resting in the Salawin river basin, some in the Erawadi river basin. Each of these groups established themselves in these new locations, causing the Karen tribe to divide and scatter all over Burma, and into the north and east of Thailand.
Some documents report that there were Karen living in southeast China as well, until they were chased out of the country. These Karen groups resettled in the middle of Burma and Mon (the Western border area of Burma). Later, under pressure from the Burmese, they moved up into the surrounding mountains. Some reports suggest all Karen who have migrated to Thailand have come from Burma. The only thing unknown is exactly when the Karen came.
Historians theorize that some of the Karen emigrated towards the end of the Thai Ayuthaya period and settled in the Lanna region. Others say it was before the Greek Ionian period, which would have been around the time of the birth of the city of Chiang Mai.